The Erikson stage following infancy that emphasizes developing autonomy and self-control is?

• A. Trust vs Mistrust; forming trust when basic needs are consistently met.
• B. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt; gaining autonomy and self-control.
• C. Initiative vs Guilt; initiating activities.
• D. Industry vs Inferiority; developing competence.

Answer: (B)

Autonomy and self-control emerge during the toddler years as children begin to do things for themselves and manage impulses. In Erikson’s psychosocial framework, this is the stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt. When caregivers provide safe opportunities to explore, offer choices, and guide rather than force, the child gains a sense of independence and confidence in their own abilities. If support is lacking or overly critical, the child may develop doubt about their capabilities and feel shame when attempting new tasks. This focus on independence and self-regulation is what characterizes this stage, setting the foundation for later initiative and competence.